I have been doing more research on how to set wallet locations for the Oracle database as wallets are becoming more and more important to secure your database.
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| Oracle wallet usage |
I have found that there are different types of wallets, and different ways to set the Wallet location depending on it's usage.
1) WALLET_ROOT
Wallet_root is a Database setting (spfile) that is used by a running database. Below are the different sub-directories that can be created within wallet root and what they can be used for.
The most commonly used directories are
TDE - The wallet in this directory contains the encryption key(s) for the database and replaces the setting ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION in the sqlnet.ora.
TLS - The wallet in this directory contains the TLS certificate(s) used by the database to make secure TCPS connections.
SERVER_SEPS - The wallet in this location contains the login credentials for other databases or even the same database. Some examples of when this can be useful are.
- Sending real-time redo to a ZDLRA
- Creating Database Links to other databases
- RMAN channel configurations that connect to different nodes in a RAC cluster.
* Note : It was pointed out to me, that using the wallet in server_seps for RMAN channel connects will replace the usage of the "connect ..." string when allocating RMAN channels.
| Subdirectory | Component / Purpose | Typical File Types | Notes & Details |
|---|---|---|---|
tde |
Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) | ewallet.p12, ewallet_*.p12 |
Created automatically when establishing TDE keystores. Contains master encryption keys for CDB$ROOT, non-CDBs, or isolated PDBs. |
tde_seps |
TDE Auto-Login / SEPS | cwallet.sso |
Stores the Secure External Password Store (SEPS) auto-login file used for automatic opening of the TDE keystore. |
tls |
Transport Layer Security (TLS/SSL) | ewallet.p12, cwallet.sso |
Stores public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates and private keys used for encrypted network communications. |
eus |
Enterprise User Security (EUS) | ewallet.p12, cwallet.sso |
Contains credentials for centralized directory service authentication (e.g., Oracle Internet Directory / LDAP). |
xdb_wallet |
XML Database (XDB) Security | ewallet.p12 |
Used for securing Oracle XML DB HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP server connections. |
server_seps |
Server-Side Credential Store | cwallet.sso, ewallet.p12 |
Used in newer releases (e.g., Oracle 23ai) for passwordless server-side connections and integrations (such as Recovery Appliance). |
mfa |
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) | ewallet.p12, cwallet.sso |
Holds certificates and PKI credentials used for native Multi-Factor Authentication integrations (e.g., OMA or Duo). Introduced in Oracle 19.28+. |
bctable |
Blockchain Tables | ewallet.p12, cwallet.sso |
Stores the PKI private key and certificates of the blockchain table owner. Required for signing and verifying rows using the DBMS_BLOCKCHAIN_TABLE package. |
<PDB_GUID> |
Isolated Pluggable Database Root | Subdirectories (e.g., /tde, /tls) | A 128-bit GUID folder automatically generated per isolated PDB to isolate keystores from CDB$ROOT and other PDBs. |
WALLET_ROOT Directory Structure
WALLET_ROOT/
├── bctable/ # Blockchain Tables PKI store
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── eus/ # Enterprise User Security credentials
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── mfa/ # Multi-Factor Authentication wallet (19.28+)
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── server_seps/ # Server-side credential store
│ └── cwallet.sso
├── tde/ # Master CDB/non-CDB TDE wallet
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── tde_seps/ # CDB Auto-login keystore
│ └── cwallet.sso
├── tls/ # TLS/SSL certificate wallet
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── xdb_wallet/ # XML DB security wallet
│ └── ewallet.p12
└── <PDB_GUID>/ # Isolated PDB directory
├── bctable/
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── mfa/
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── tde/ # Isolated PDB TDE wallet
│ └── ewallet.p12
├── tde_seps/
│ └── cwallet.sso
└── tls/
└── cwallet.sso2) SQLNET.ORA
The sqlnet.ora file is used by the database (during startup) and by client sessions. Client sessions can override which sqlnet.ora is being used by setting TNS_ADMIN.
There are two locations that can be set in the sqlnet.ora file.
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION
This parameter is being deprecated in Oracle 26ai and it is being replaced with WALLET_ROOT mentioned previously. WALLET_ROOT allows for easily setting individual wallet locations for each database sharing the same $ORACLE_HOME, along with the ability to set individual wallet locations for each PDB. it is recommended to no longer use this setting and migrate to WALLET_ROOT.
WALLET_LOCATION
Wallet_location is used for a number of wallets entries including SEPS, TLS, and EUS. Because of this you need to be careful when setting the general wallet_location in the default location ($ORACLE_HOME/network/admin). With consolidation, many environments today have multiple databases sharing the same $ORACLE_HOME and those databases often require separate, unique wallet files files for each database.
It is best to create a separate sqlnet.ora directory for each database outside of the $ORACLE_HOME and utilize TNS_ADMIN to set your environment.
This parameter is being deprecated for use by the Oracle Database server (during startup), but not by client connections.
3) TNSNAMES.ORA
The tnsnames.ora file is used to make the connection to the database and it is possible set some wallet locations as part of the connection string.
This setting is done with the the (SECURITY= ...) block of the connect string.
SEPS_WALLET_LOCATION
This setting can be used to set the location of the SEPS wallet for each client connection. This can be useful if you make multiple connects in the same client session and wish to use different SEPS wallets for each connection.
WALLET_LOCATION
Wallet_location is used for a number of wallets entries including SEPS, TLS, and EUS. The usage of wallet location in the database connect string is the same as it would be within the sqlnet.ora. Using this setting will allow you to isolate which wallets is used for each connection when using the same client session.
